Itandukaniro ni irihe kandi ni irihe wagakwiye gusobanura?

Mu bijyanye no gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi, amagambo make atera urujijo nk'"agasanduku k'insinga" na "urwego rw'insinga." Ayo magambo yombi akunze gukoreshwa mu buryo bumwe ku bishushanyo, mu nyandiko z'ibikoresho, ndetse no mu makarito y'abatanga serivisi - nyamara asobanura ibicuruzwa bitandukanye bifite imiterere itandukanye, imikorere itandukanye y'umutwaro, n'ahantu hatandukanye ho gushyira mu bikorwa. Kugaragaza iritari bivuze kwishyura ubushobozi udakeneye, cyangwa gushyiraho sisitemu idashobora gukoresha insinga isabwa gutwara.

Itandukaniro rifatika mu nteruro imwe: urwego rw'insinga ni imiterere ifunguye y'imigozi ibiri yo ku ruhande ihujwe n'ibirangi, byubatswe kuriinsinga z'amashanyarazi ziremereyemu gihe kirekire; agasanduku k'insinga ni umuryango mugari urimo urwego, hasi hakomeye, ufite imbobo, umuyoboro,umuyoboronasisitemu z'insinga, hamwe n'ibice bimeze nk'agasanduku (hasi hakomeye cyangwa hafite imyenge) bikwiranye n'insinga nini, zoroheje, cyangwa zifata ivumbi.

Iyi mfashanyigisho isobanura amagambo, itandukaniro ry’imiterere, ndetse n’uburyo bwo guhitamo hagati yayo mu mushinga nyawo.

Ubwa mbere, imvugo: urwego ni ubwoko bw'isahani

Mbere yo kugereranya, ikibazo cyo gushyira mu byiciro kigomba gukemurwa. Mu mahame agenga ibi bicuruzwa - NEMA VE 1 muri Amerika ya Ruguru na IEC 61537 mpuzamahanga - "sisitemu y'urukiramende rw'insinga" ni ijambo rusange, kandi agasanduku ko mu bwoko bwa ladder ni kimwe mu bigize uwo muryango. Ibyiciro bisanzwe by'agasanduku ni ibi bikurikira:

• Ubwoko bw'ingazi — imigozi ibiri yo ku ruhande irambuye ifite amashami anyuranamo
• Hasi ikomeye — hasi hakomeza icyuma gikozwe mu sheet-metal
• Umwobo w'amazi utobotse (ufite umwuka uhumeka) — hasi hari utwobo cyangwa imyenge y'umwuka
• Ubwoko bw'umuyoboro — ishusho imwe ntoya, rimwe na rimwe yitwa inzira imwe
• Urushundura rw'insinga (igikapu) — urushundura rw'insinga rusutswe, inyongera igezweho ugereranyije

Rero iyo injeniyeri avuze "agasanduku k'insinga," bashobora kuvuga umuryango wose cyangwa - mu rurimi rwa buri munsi - igikoresho gisa n'agasanduku gifite hasi, bitandukanye n'urwego. Iyi ngingo ikoresha itandukaniro rifatika: urwego rw'insinga ugereranije n'ubwoko bwa sisitemu y'agasanduku gifite hasi hakomeye cyangwa hatobotse, ari na cyo kigereranya gitanga ibyemezo birambuye.

Mbega ukuntuurwego rw'insinga is

Ingazi y'insinga igizwe n'imirongo ibiri yo ku ruhande ya C-profile ihujwe n'imirongo inyuranamo mu bihe bisanzwe - ubusanzwe intera ya mm 250 cyangwa mm 300 - hamwe n'imirongo irwanya - ishongeshejwe cyangwa ihambiriwe ku migozi. Imiterere ifunguye ni yo miterere yayo igaragara cyane.

Imiterere y'igishushanyo ikurikiza insinga zikoreshwa. Insinga zikomeye z'amashanyarazi — izitanga umuriro w'amashanyarazi uciriritse, ibyuma binini by'amashanyarazi bihuza ibice — bitanga ubushyuhe iyo bishyizwemo, kandi imiterere y'urukuta rufunguye ituma ubwo bushyuhe busohoka buri gihe mu gihe cyose. Inyubako ifite umwuka uhagije kandi ituma abashyiraho insinga babasha kuzishyiramo ahantu hose, bityo insinga zishobora gufatwa neza aho ari ho hose nta gucukura, kandi ituma insinga zose zigaragara kugira ngo zigenzurwe kandi zikurikiranwe mu nzira yose.

Mu miterere, urwego rukora nk'urubaho rumeze nk'urubaho. Imirongo miremire ya C-profile irwanya kunama no kuzunguruka, ibyo bikaba bigira igihe kirekire cyo gushyigikira no kurenza urugero rw'imitwaro kuri buri gice ugereranyije n'ibice by'urubaho bifite uburemere bumwe. Niyo mpamvu urwego ari rwo ruhitamo ku nganda z'amashanyarazi, amashami manini, inganda zikomeye ndetse no gukwirakwiza ingufu mu miyoboro y'amakuru, aho insinga nini zigomba gushyigikirwa nta bucucike bukabije bwo gushyigikira.

Ibipimo bisanzwe by’urwego — hakoreshejwe icyuma gishyushye cya galvanised nk'icyitegererezo — biva kuri mm 200 kugeza kuri mm 900 mu bugari, mu burebure busanzwe bwa metero 3 na metero 6, hamwe n’uburebure bw’inzira ku ruhande bwa mm 100 cyangwa mm 150 n’uburebure bw’inzira ku ruhande bwa mm 250 cyangwa mm 300. Isuzuma ry’imitwaro ritangazwa kuri buri bugari, urwego rw’inzira n’intera yo gushyigikira hakurikijwe uburyo bwo gupima bwa NEMA VE 1 cyangwa IEC 61537.

Uburyo sisitemu yo mu bwoko bwa tray ari bwo

Ibice bimeze nk'agasanduku — hasi hakomeye n'aho bitobotse — bisangiye umuryango umwe w'umuhanda wo ku ruhande ariko bifite igice cyo hasi gikomeza cyangwa gifite aho kibombye hagati y'imirongo aho kuba inkingi zifunguye.

Isahani ikomeye yo hasi ni umuyoboro ufunze. Itanga uburinzi bwo hejuru bw'insinga ziri imbere, izirinda imyanda igwa, amazi agwa n'aho zihurira, kandi irinda umuriro w'insinga neza mu gihe cy'umuriro iyo ifite ibipfundikizo n'inkongi z'umuriro. Ingorane zayo ni ubushyuhe: ubushyuhe buturuka ku nsinga zikoresha ingufu nta nzira yo guhungiramo uretse kunyura mu cyuma, bityo sisitemu ikomeye yo hasi isaba kubara insinga zikoresha ingufu kandi ntizikunze gukoreshwa ku nsinga z'amashanyarazi ziremereye.

Isahani ifite imyobo (ihumeka) ni yo ikoreshwa: hasi hapfundikiwe ahantu ho guhumeka hatuma ubushyuhe bugabanuka mu gihe hakiri insinga. Ni yo ikoreshwa mu gukoresha ingufu zivanze no kugenzura, kuringaniza ikirere n'uburinzi, kandi ikoreshwa cyane mu nyubako z'ubucuruzi, inganda zitunganya ibintu n'inganda muri rusange aho insinga ziba nyinshi ariko ingano y'insinga imwe imwe ikaba iringaniye.

Kubera ko ibikoresho by'amasahani bikwirakwiza imizigo ku rupapuro ruhoraho aho kuba ku nsinga zitandukanye, bikwiranye neza n'insinga nto nyinshi - ibikoresho, kugenzura, itumanaho n'amatara - aho umubare w'insinga ari ingenzi kurusha uburemere bw'umuyoboro umwe. Impuzandengo ni uko hasi hakomeza kwiyongeraho ibikoresho, bigatuma sisitemu zo mu bwoko bwa sahani ziremereye kandi, kuri metero imwe, zihenze kurusha urwego rungana - kandi uburemere bugaragara mu bisabwa mu nkunga.

Kugereranya imbonankubone

Igihe cyo kugena urwego rw'insinga

Hitamo urwego rw'insinga iyo inzira igenzurwamo n'insinga z'amashanyarazi kandi iby'ingenzi ari ubushyuhe, igihe n'uburyo bwo kuzigeraho:

• Inganda n'ibigo by'amashanyarazi, aho ibyuma bitanga amashanyarazi biciriritse n'ibyuma binini bitanga amashanyarazi binyura mu nzira ndende hejuru y'ubutaka
• Ikwirakwizwa ry'amashanyarazi mu kigo cy'amakuru, aho insinga nyinshi hejuru y'aho zishyirwa zisaba ko ubushyuhe bukwirakwira kandi hagashyirwaho umwuka uhumeka.
• Inganda zikomeye - inganda, ibirombe, peteroli na gaze - aho insinga nini n'imitingito bifasha inyubako ikomeye kandi ifunguye
• Gukoresha amafaranga menshi mu gihe kirekire aho inkunga nke zigaragaza ko ikiguzi cyo gushyiraho kiri hasi.

Igihe cyo kugenasisitemu yo mu bwoko bwa sayi

Hitamo agasanduku gakomeye cyangwa gafite imyenge iyo inzira ijyanye n'insinga nto nyinshi, cyangwa iyo uburinzi bufite akamaro kurusha ubushyuhe:

• Inyubako z'ubucuruzi n'iz'ibigo, zo kugenzura, gutumanaho no gutanga amatara mu nyubako zizamuka n'izisaga
• Inganda zitunganya ibikoresho bivanze n'insinga zo kugenzura aho bikenewe ko zifata no gutandukanya ibikoresho
• Ahantu hakunze kwibasirwa n'umukungugu cyangwa amazi, aho hasi hakomeye hakingira insinga ku bintu bitonyanga cyangwa bigwa
• Inzira zikoreshwa mu guhangana n'inkongi y'umuriro, aho inyubako ikomeye yo hasi ifite ibifuniko n'inzitizi zishyigikira ibice

Ibitekerezo bitari byo bisanzwe

“Ingazi irashobora gukora byose nk’isahani ishoboye.” Ntabwo ari byiza cyane. Ingazi zikora neza cyane zifite insinga z’amashanyarazi ariko ntizitanga uburyo bwo kuzigama - ivumbi, imyanda n’amazi bigera ku mpande, kandiinsinga nto zo kugenzuraishobora kunyeganyega hagati y'imirongo iyo idashyigikiwe buri gihe.

“Isahani ihora ikomeye kurusha urwego.” Ibinyuranye n’ibyo akenshi bibaho kuri buri gice cy’uburemere. Udukingirizo tw’urwego tumeze nk’umugozi dutwara imizigo myinshi mu gihe kirekire kurusha isahani y’ibikoresho bisa.

“Hasi hakomeye bivuze ko insinga zikomeza gukonja.” Oya. Udusanduku dukomeye dufata ubushyuhe; amategeko ya IEC na NEMA yo kuzuza ni yo ashingiye kuri ibi. Niba ahantu hakoreshwa ubushyuhe bwinshi, urwego rufunguye cyangwa agasanduku gafite umwuka mwiza ni byo byiza kurushaho.

“Ushobora kubivanga mu buryo bworoshye.” Ushobora, ukoresheje udukoresho two kugabanya ingufu n’udukingirizo, kandi imishinga myinshi irabikora — uruganda rushobora gukoresha urwego rw’ibikoresho byarwo bitanga ingufu n’udusanduku dufite imyobo ku miyoboro yarwo yo kugenzura. Icy'ingenzi ni ukugena buri gice cy’icyo rutwaye, no gushaka ibikoresho byo guhindura ibintu bivuye ku ruganda rumwe kugira ngo sisitemu ikomeze gukora neza mu buryo bwa mekanike no mu buryo bw’amashanyarazi.

Ingingo y'ingenzi y'ibisobanuro

Itegeko ryo guhitamo riroroshye: reka insinga ibe ari yo ifata icyemezo. Insinga zikomeye zikoresha ingufu mu gihe kirekire hamwe n'ubushyuhe bwo gusuka zerekeza ku ngazi y'insinga. Umubare munini w'insinga nto zikenera gufunga no kurinda zerekeza kuri sisitemu yo mu bwoko bwa sayiri. Kandi kubera ko imiryango yombi igomba kuzuza ibisabwa mu isuzuma n'inyandiko zimwe - NEMA VE 1, IEC 61537, hamwe n'imbonerahamwe z'imitwaro zasohotse n'ibyemezo by'ibikoresho - inyandiko z'umwuga w'umutanga serivisi zireba kimwe n'ubwoko bw'igicuruzwa.

Abakora bubaka imiryango yombi ku rugero rumwe, hamwe n’ibikoresho bihuye n’inyandiko zuzuye, borohereza gufata icyemezo: sisitemu igenwa nk'uburyo bumwe buhuriweho, kandi guhitamo hagati y’ingazi n’ingazi bikorwa igice ku kindi, ku mpamvu z’ubuhanga, aho kuba ku buryo busanzwe.